丹江口水库淅川库区大气磷沉降特征

大气磷沉降是向地表水体输送营养元素的重要途径.以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,在库区周围设置了6个采样点,于2020年1—12月期间采集并分析了大气总磷干、湿沉降样品,探讨了总磷沉降的时空分布特征及其对库区水体外源磷输入的贡献.结果表明：研究区大气 总磷沉降量为1.19 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,其中,干沉降占比为49.73%,湿沉降占比为50.27%;总磷干、湿沉降量在空间上均具有显著差异性（p_s<0.05）, 湿沉降量在季节上具有极显著差异性（p<0.01）;总磷干沉降量受到气温、气压和风速的显著影响,湿沉降量受到降雨量的显著影响;总磷年沉降量为65.17 t·a^-1,占河流总磷入库量的42.18%.     

Role of the rhizosphere of a flooding-tolerant herb in promoting mercury methylation in water-level fluctuation zones

The water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) has been considered as a hotspot for mercury (Hg) methylation. Flooding-tolerant herbs are gradually acclimated to this water-land ecotone, tending to form substantial root systems for improving erosion resistance. Accompanying rhizosphere microzone plays crucial but unclear roles in methylmercury (MeHg) formation in the WLFZ. Thus, we conducted this study in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, to explore effects of the rhizosphere of a dominant flooding-tolerant herb (bermudagrass) on MeHg production. The elevated Hg and MeHg in rhizosphere soils suggest that the rhizosphere environment provides favorable conditions for Hg accumulation and methylation. The increased bioavailable Hg and microbial activity in the rhizosphere probably serve as important factors driving MeHg formation in the presence of bermudagrass. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere environments changed the richness, diversity, and distribution of hgcA-containing microorganisms. Here, a typical iron-reducing bacterium (Geobacteraceae) has been screened, however, the majority of hgcA genes detected in rhizosphere, near-, and non-rhizosphere soils of the WLFZ were unclassified. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the elevated MeHg production as related to microbial processes in the rhizosphere of perennial herbs in the WLFZ, with general implications for Hg cycling in other ecosystems with water-level fluctuations.     

周村水库四季变化过程中水体溶解性有机物的分布与光谱特征

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对周村水库四季变化过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布及光谱特征进行了分析.结果表明:周村水库表层水体的氮素(总氮和溶解性总氮)和有机物(总有机碳和溶解性有机碳)的季节性差异显著,并且水库冬、春两季TN较多、TOC较少;表层水体DOM夏、秋两季的吸收系数a_(254)和a_(355)均高于冬、春季节,与有机物的分布相一致;四季的E3/E4均大于3.5,说明DOM以富里酸为主,E2/E3比值表明富里酸占DOM的比例夏、秋两季高于冬、春季节,除夏季外水库表层水体S_R均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1)、可见区富里酸(C2)和类蛋白(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示,C1、 C2、C3之间具有显著的相关性(p0.01);DOM的总荧光强度及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,总荧光强度最大值为夏季的(1993.52±40.84) A.U.,最小值为春季的(1074.10±113.63) A.U.;周村水库各个季节间的DOM总荧光强度和荧光组分C1的荧光强度除夏、秋外均呈现显著的差异性(p0.05),组分C2和C3的荧光强度均呈现显著差异性(p0.05);周村水库四季的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为0.8～1.0,表明水库DOM具有较强的自生源特征,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合;PCA分析显示,周村水库表层水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显,夏、秋两季的DOM光谱特征相近,冬、春两季的水体DOM特征相似;并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(FI、β:α)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著相关性(p0.01).通过对周村水库水体四季的DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以进一步分析水库水体的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.     

三峡水库蓄水不同阶段总磷的变化特征

基于三峡水库2003年后的蓄水特点,本文将2003~2017年划分为4个蓄水阶段.根据三峡水库2003~2017年每月的水文水质数据,分析了自蓄水以来不同蓄水阶段总磷的变化特征.研究发现,首次蓄水阶段,三峡水库的滞留效应从2005年开始凸显.蓄水试运行阶段,干流断面总磷年均浓度在2008年沿程明显降低,此后清溪场断面受到乌江高浓度总磷汇入的一定影响.高水位正常运用期,除清溪场断面外,从铜罐驿至官渡口断面,总磷年均浓度呈现沿程降低的现象.上游梯级电站运行后,除官渡口断面外,干流其余断面总磷年均浓度随时间逐渐减小.官渡口断面于2016年首次出现总磷年均浓度高于沱口断面的现象.且总磷丰水期年均值不再明显高于枯水期.同时,在此蓄水阶段总磷浓度与流量相关性不显著,朱沱,铜罐驿和官渡口断面总磷浓度与悬浮物浓度相关性不显著.     

平寨水库荧光溶解性有机质的来源、特征及其动态转化

利用三维激发发射矩阵光谱(3-D EEM)和平行因子分析,研究了三岔河流域平寨水库溶解有机质的来源、组成和转化情况。在平寨水库的入库水、表层水(0～5 m)、深层水(10～60 m)和出库水中,检测到了几种荧光溶解有机质组分,分别为陆源类腐殖质、自源类腐殖质和浮游植物源的类蛋白质(或类色氨酸或类酪氨酸)。陆源类腐殖质的荧光强度在入库水中略高于出库水,表明陆源类腐殖质在水库系统中相对稳定,大坝截流对其影响不大。自源类腐殖质的荧光强度在库区明显高于入库水和出库水,表明自源类腐殖质既由自源有机物分解产生,又在光化学、微生物和大坝物理拦截过程的影响下发生分解;其他荧光组分中也检测到相似的结果。水温、pH、溶解氧和有色溶解有机质表现出相似的季节变化,光化学和微生物以及大坝拦截是引起水库入库水、库区表层水、库区深层水和出库水中荧光溶解有机质时空动态变化的主要原因。     

李家河水库春季分层期nirS型反硝化菌群特征分析

为探究水源水库春季分层期（3～5月）nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构组成及其与水质的关系,以李家河水库为例,采用原位监测耦合Illumina高通量测序技术,分析了水体水质及反硝化细菌群落相对丰度及结构特征.结果表明:（1）通过高通量测序,鉴定为4门13属,优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,相对丰度在52.5%～70.6%,时间尺度总体呈降低趋势（P<0.05）,空间尺度上表层和中层高于底层（P<0.05）,表层与中层无差异（P>0.05）;识别出具有反硝化功能细菌8属,其中优势菌属（相对丰度>1%）为脱氯单胞菌属（Dechloromonas）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,脱氯单胞菌属相对丰度在时间上呈先降低后升高的趋势,假单胞菌属在时间上呈先升高后降低的趋势,此2属在空间上无差异（P>0.05）;细菌多样性及丰富度变化基本一致,时间上呈先升高后减低的趋势,空间上随深度逐渐升高;（2）本研究期间水库水体ρ（总氮）为2.35～2.91 mg·L^-1,氮素污染较为严重,3月和4月垂向水体总氮基本一致且呈降低趋势,5月...     

三峡库区万州段河流水-气界面CO2通量支干流对比及影响机制初探

以三峡库区万州段干流及典型支流澎溪河为研究对象,监测2019年4～9月水华期间水体中CO₂浓度以及12个环境指标,估算水-气界面CO₂通量并进行支干流对比.将12个环境指标分为气候因子、水环境因子、碳源因子、营养因子和沉积物因子,探讨5类因子对CO₂通量的影响途径和贡献率,进一步为控制水库温室气体排放提供数据积累和理论支持.结果表明,监测期间内高阳、黄石和万州平均CO₂通量分别为（1.445±1.739）、（3.118±2.963）和（2.899±1.144）mmol·（m²·h）^-1,表现为:澎溪河支流高阳<干流万州<澎溪河支流黄石.从变化幅度来看,支流水体CO₂通量变幅较大,干流水体变化幅度则相对较小,是较稳定的CO₂"源".长江干流作为陆地向海洋的生源物质运输枢纽,相比其支流碳含量和流速更高,这使得通常情况下干流CO₂通量大于支流.但水文情势的不同使得同一支流不同点位CO<...     

不同降雨条件下北运河河岸带类型对径流污染削减效果的影响

面源污染对北运河水环境质量的影响日益凸显.以北运河流域沙河水库入库支流南沙河和北沙河的河岸带为研究对象,考察降雨过程中河岸带对径流污染的净化效果.根据北运河流域河岸带结构及植物群落的分布特征,将河岸带分为Ⅰ型河岸带（防洪堤-防洪挡墙-林地-草地）和Ⅱ型河岸带（防洪堤-林地-草地）2种类型.以南沙河北岸（NB）和北沙河南岸（BN）为Ⅰ型河岸带的典型代表,呈现植被总盖度低、边坡"短且陡"、草本层盖度低但多样性高.以南沙河南岸（NN）为Ⅱ型河岸带的典型代表,边坡呈现"长且缓"特点,草本层盖度高（29.16%）但多样性低.在3个河岸带各选择1 km开展河岸带面源污染防控工程试验,结果表明,Ⅰ型河岸带的产流时间更短,所需降雨量更少,径流峰值更大;Ⅱ型河岸带仅在大暴雨条件下产生径流,径流滞留能力更强.在河岸带雨水口设置以砾石和碎石等为主要填料的雨水滞留措施可有效净化径流污染,ρ（NH⁺₄-N）和ρ（NO^-₃-N）低于1.6 mg·L^-1,ρ（TN）低于5 mg·L^-1...     

丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型土壤养分分布

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的取水口,调水工程的实施使新增淹没区土壤由于淹没浸泡可能使其中氮磷等营养盐释放,对水库水质构成威胁。采集丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,测定现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)不同土地利用类型土壤的氮磷含量,分析消落区土壤养分分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机质含量在滩地和农田混杂区最高,分别为43.9、49.8g/kg,有机质易在扰动强烈或生物多样性丰富的区域累积。现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)土壤中总氮、总磷均值无显著性差异(p0.05)。消落区不同土地利用类型中,果园土壤的总磷、裸地土壤水溶性磷含量均为最高。现有新增消落区土壤磷流失率(0.564%)高于现有消落区(0.378%),需防范新增消落区的磷流失风险。消落区土壤总氮含量与有机质含量呈极显著相关(p0.01);总氮含量范围为0.044%~0.167%,农田、果园等受人为耕作作用强烈的土地利用类型土壤总氮含量相对较高。在消落区实施退耕还林等措施,恢复消落区的植被群落,可有效降低土壤的氮磷的流失。     

Application of a three-dimensional eutrophication model for the Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China

The Beijing Guanting Reservoir (BGR) is located northwest of Beijing and has been an important water supply reservoir ever since the construction of a dam near the town of Guanting in 1954. As a result of excessive nutrients and organic carbon loadings from the drainage basin over the last several decades, the BGR suffers from eutrophication as well as other contamination problems and has not been used as a drinking water supply reservoir since 1997. As a management step to restore the reservoir's water quality, a numerical model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) framework. The model simulated three phytoplankton species based on the observed cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatom concentrations in 2004 for the Yongding arm of the reservoir, which is separated from the rest of the reservoir by a sand bar. The model was calibrated with vertical temperature profiles as well as the observed chlorophyll a and nutrients concentrations in the water column. The calibrated model was further applied to investigate management scenarios, which include reduction in external loadings of nutrients with constructed wetlands, biomanipulation, and transferring water from CeTian Reservoir. All three scenarios can reduce the peak chlorophyll a levels in the reservoir. The background nutrients were high, and reducing the external nutrients was effective only after a reduction in background nutrients after phytoplankton growth. The biomanipulation and water transfer scenarios could also delay the occurrence of the peak chlorophyll a. Because the model was developed based on one year of data, the model can only reveal the short-term effects of applying the management scenarios. Future studies will consider the long-term processes, such as diagenesis, when data are available to predict the long-term effects of the scenarios.